A Review of Gender in the 21st Century: Fighting Dangerous Stereotypes

Laxmi Kirana Pallathadka; Harikumar Pallathadka; Shoraisam Kiranbhala Devi

doi:10.55544/ijrah.2.5.32

Authors

Laxmi Kirana Pallathadka Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur, INDIA.
Harikumar Pallathadka Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur, INDIA.
Shoraisam Kiranbhala Devi Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur, INDIA.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.5.32

Keywords:

Gender, Stereotype, challenges, male, female, traditional

Abstract

Gender is a condition of being a male or female. Much of the time, it is generally defined by social and social distinctions rather than biological differences. Gender stereotype generalizations are currently present for life. Even though a disposition to mess up a part of the present gender stereotypes-related platitude occurs due to late unreasonably being insufficient to deal with the issues that comprise gender lays out. Whereas generally, females wind up being casualties of gender stereotypes, males experience the adverse effects of criminal offenses associated with maleness. Women's works tend to be predominantly traditional and less prestigious, while personalities are predominantly shy and passive characterization. Women are primarily engaged in domestic and in-house jobs, while men are more likely to exist in specialist facilities. There appears to be a systematic under-representation of women, regardless of whether we consider the text or images. The study shows a point of view for the effect of gender stereotypes and the progression of female stereotypes in the 21st century.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Agam, R., Tamir, S., Golan, M. (2015) Gender differences in Respect to Self-Esteem and Body Image as well Response to Adolescent's School-Based Prevention Programs. J Psychol Clin Psychiatry 2(5): 00092. DOI: 10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00092

Aunola. K., Stattin, H., Nurmi, J.E. (2000) Adolescents' achievement strategies, school adjustment, and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. J Youth Adolesc 29(3): 289-306.

Babcock, L., Recalde, M. P., Vesterlund, L., Weingart, L. (2017). Gender Differences in Accepting and Receiving Requests for Tasks with Low Promotability.American Economic Review, 107 (3): 714-47.

Bakan, D., (1966). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. Rand Mcnally.

Baumeister, R. F., and Sommer, K. L. (1997). What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson. Psychol. Bull. 122, 38–44. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.38

Bian, L., Leslie, S. H., Cimpian, A. (2017) Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children's interests, Science: Vol. 355, Issue 6323, pp. 389-391 DOI: 10.1126/science. aah6524

Blau, F. D., and Winkler, A. E. (2018). Women, work, and family. In S. L. Averett, L. M. Argys, & S. D. Hoffman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of women and the economy (pp. 395– 424). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., and Rosenkrantz,P. S. (1972).Gender-role stereotypes: a current appraisal. J. Soc. Issues 28, 59–78.DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x

Charbonneau, A.M., Mezulis A.H., Hyde, J.S. (2009) Stress and emotional reactivity as explanations for gender differences in adolescents' depressive symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 38(8): 1050-1058.

Cortes, P.,Pan, J. Occupation and gender. Susan L. Averett, S.L., Argys, L.M., Hoffman, S.D(Eds.), (2018) Occupation and Gender.The Oxford handbook of women and the economy(pp. 425–452). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Diekman, A. B., andEagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26, 1171–1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262001

Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., Sczesny, S. (2019). Gender Stereotypes Have Changed: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of U.S. Public Opinion Polls From 1946 to 2018. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000494

Eagly, A. H., and Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. van Lange, A. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories in social psychology (pp. 458 – 476). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49

Eagly, A. H. (1987). Gender Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Eagly, A. H., and Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 15, 543–558. DOI: 10.1177/0146167289154008

Gerson, K. (2017). The logics of work, care and gender change in the new economy: A view from the U.S. In B. Brandth, S. Halrynjo, & E. Kvande (Eds.), Work-family dynamics: Competing logics of regulation, economy, and morals (pp. 19 –35). New York, NY: Routledge. http://dx.doi .org/10.4324/9781315716794-2

Haines, E. L., Deaux, K., and Lofaro, N. (2016). The times they area-changing . . . or are they not? A comparison of gender stereotypes, 1983–2014. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 353–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684316634081

Islam, K. M. M., and Asadullah, M. N. (2018) Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks. PLoS ONE 13(1): e0190807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0190807

Jones, E. E., and Nisbett, R. E. (1987). "The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior," in Attribution: Perceiving the Causes behavior, eds E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, and B. Weiner (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.), 79–94.

Koenig, A. M., and Eagly, A. H. (2014). Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups' roles shape stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 371–392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037215

Lippa, R. A., Preston, K., Penner, J. (2014). Women's representation in 60 occupations from 1972 to 2010: More women in high-status jobs, few women in things-oriented jobs. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e95960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095960

Lumley, V.A., McNeil, C.B., Herschell, A.D., Bahl, A.B. (2002) An Examination of Gender Differences among Young Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Child Stud J 32(2): 89-100.

Martin, C. L., and Ruble, D. N. (2010). Patterns of gender development. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 353–381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/ annu.rev.psych.093008.100511

McGarty, C., Yzerbyt, V.Y., Vincent Spears, R. (2002). Stereotypes as explanations: The arrangement of significant convictions about gatherings of people. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ortiz-Ospina, E., and Tzvetkova, S. (2017). Working women: Key facts and trends in female labor force participation. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-force-participation-key-facts

Ridgeway, C. L. (2011). Framed by gender: How gender inequality persists in the modern world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755776.001.0001

Rucker, D. D., Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C. (2018). The agentic–communal model of advantage and disadvantage: How inequality produces similarities in the psychology of power, social class, gender, and race. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 71–125. HTTP:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.04.001

Sczesny, S., Nater, C., Eagly, A. H. (2019). Agency and communion: Their implications for gender stereotypes and gender identities. In A. Abele & B. Wojciszke (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 103–116). New York, NY: Routledge

Trope, Y., and Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychol. Rev. 117, 440–463. DOI: 10.1037/a0018963

Williams, J. E., and best, D. L. (1990) Measuring gender stereotypes: A multination study (Rev. ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Pallathadka, A., & Pallathadka, H. (2021). Human and Environment Relationship in Geographical Research. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology, 18(4), 6666–6679.

Pallathadka, L. K., Pallathadka, H., Joshi, S., & Debsingha, N. (2021). Kazuo Ishiguro’s Use of Clones as a Metaphor to Express Human Values and Emotions in Never Let Me Go. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 12(03), 1643–1648.

Raghuvanshi, A., Singh, U. K., Sajja, G. S., Pallathadka, H., Asenso, E., Kamal, M., Singh, A., & Phasinam, K. (2022). Intrusion Detection Using Machine Learning for Risk Mitigation in IoT-Enabled Smart Irrigation in Smart Farming. Journal of Food Quality, 2022, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3955514

Pallathadka, H., Naved, M., Phasinam, K., & M. Arcinas, M. (2022). A Machine Learning Based Framework for Heart Disease Detection. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 8667–8673. https://doi.org/10.1149/10701.8667ecst

Pallathadka, H., & Pallathadka, L. K. (2020). The impact of social responsibility on business performance. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 8288–8304. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900210424312

Pallathadka, H., Wenda, A., Ramirez-Asís, E., Asís-López, M., Flores-Albornoz, J., & Phasinam, K. (2021). Classification and prediction of student performance data using various machine learning algorithms. Materials Today: Proceedings, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.382

Pallathadka, H. (2020). A Survey Of Undergraduate Students On Online Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic In The Indian State Of Manipur. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 07(08), 5914–5927.